Environmental Hazards Cultural, Biological, Physical and...

Environmental Hazards: Cultural, Biological, Physical and Chemical An entirely different perspective is brought into focus as we consider some of the environmental hazards that accompany industrial growth and intensive agriculture. Some of the most dangerous hazards in this world are the outcome of purely voluntary behavior --- in particular, smoking tobacco and engaging in risky sexual activity. We will look at four classes of environmental hazards: Cultural, Biological, Physical and Chemical (Wright Boorse, 2011). Cultural Hazards. Many of the factors that contribute to morality and disability are a matter of choice or can at least be influenced by choice. People engage in risky behavior and subject themselves to hazards. Thus,†¦show more content†¦Physical Hazards. Natural disasters --- including hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, forest fires, earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic eruptions --- take a toll of human life and property every year. They are the outcome of hydrological, meteorological, or geological forces. However, the 12 months following November 2004 were unimaginably dreadful. During that time, three major natural disasters took nearly 300,000 lives and left millions homeless and without means of self-support: theShow MoreRelatedFour Categories of Human Environmental Hazards Essay865 Words   |  4 PagesCategories of Human Environmental Hazards Everest Online University EVS1001-26 Environmental Science Professor Deborah Builder September 6th, 2012 The Four Categories of Human Environmental Hazards There are many exposures to hazards in our environment today that brings along the risk of an injury, different types of diseases, and even in some cases death. These hazards are called human environmental hazards. There are four categories to human environmental hazards which we will discoverRead MoreCategories of Human Environmental Hazards620 Words   |  2 PagesBackground There are various categories of human environmental hazards: chemical, biological, physical and psychosocial/cultural. Each, in its own way, contributes to an overall situations or threats that affect both the environment and human life. Sometimes a fifth category is included, mechanical, which include energy plants, factories, etc. Chemical Hazards Chemicals are both naturally occurring and man-made. From the environment, exposure to chemical agents in our air, water, food and soil, haveRead MoreCorrelation Between Race And Health Inequalities905 Words   |  4 Pagespeople with similar biological traits seem to experience a non-random distribution of morbidity and mortality. There are various underlying factors of health inequalities in relation to race. This report will focus on the scientific misconception of racism, the consequences of colonization and environmental injustice. According to Smedley (2005) race is a societal construct for the categorization between groups of people. However, the field of medicine attributes racial biological differences as theRead MoreZadcos company was founded in 1977 was the goal of the company is the Upper Zakum development on1400 Words   |  6 Pagesemployees choose the right job for them and the companys interest, retirement at the end of their careers in zadco. The company has about 30 nationalities from different cultures and races demonstrating cultural diversity at the company, with the alnshaga to understand and respect different values and cultural values. Health and safety policy Zadcos policy gives utmost importance to the safety of all individuals and the preservation of the environment in accordance with the rules of ADNOC and the originsRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On Bangladesh1229 Words   |  5 Pagesclimates or paleoclimates can be accurately described up to approximately 800000 years ago due to evidence left: †¢ in geological sources such as sedimentary rocks and ocean sediment, †¢ in chemical sources such as the air trapped in bubbles in glaciers and the chemical structure of the ice itself, †¢ In biological sources such as coral reefs and tree rings. These forms of ancient evidence show, not only, that the earth has had this varied climate but also the rate at which the planet cooled or warmedRead MoreEarly Life Development Of Children Essay1592 Words   |  7 Pagescrucial in the healthy development of a person. The initial years of a child are critical in determining their developmental trajectory. According to World Health Organization (2016), healthy early childhood development includes social, emotional, physical and intellectual growth. World Health Organization further adds that these domains of development are very significant in influencing the well-being, mental health, criminality and economic contribution of a person throughout life. Various factorsRead MoreGlobal Climate Change On Natural Disasters And Agricultural Production1308 Words   |  6 PagesHuman well-being is fundamentally dependent on ecosystems for the provisioning, cultural and regulating services that they provide (World Bank, 2007). Clean water is o ne of the critical resources provided to man by ecosystems. As such, the ecosystem concept has been elevated as a fundamental attribute for human development. Maintenance and access to ecosystem services has consistently been associated with better health and economic outcomes. Human health risks originate from traditional forms ofRead MoreSite Analysis865 Words   |  4 Pagesbuilding’s location and orientation on a site impact not only a wide range of environmental factors but also security and accessibility factors. The Site Assessment pilot credit for site sustainability measure promotes understanding of the character of the site and the physical, biological, and cultural links between the site and the surrounding landscape. Performing an inventory of the site maximizes the environmental efficiency of design and provides an opportunity to chart out preliminary stepsRead MoreTannery Industries in the Hajaribagh Area and Its Impact on the Urban Form and Morphology5790 Word s   |  24 Pagesto a level that the citizens are suffering from different pollution related problems. A detailed level policy frame work and planning implication is essential for the development of the area and for ensuring livable environment. To assess the environmental degradation of heavy metals of water samples, heavy metals and organic carbon content of sediment were analyzed by many project works and thesis. This study is based on secondary source materials and is focused on how these tannery industries evolvedRead MoreIdentify Prevent and Report Workplace Emergencies11906 Words   |  48 Pagesbeing safely handled Identify, prevent and report potential workplace emergency situations RANGE STATEMENT Emergencies must include those emergencies identified by the workplace hazard analysis, which may include Animal or livestock emergencies Bomb threat Building invasion/armed invasion Chemical, biological and radiological Civil disorder Criminal acts Cyclones, including storm surge Deliberate self-harm Earthquake Failure of utilities Fire Flood Hazardous substances incidents Hostage situations

Al Capone And The St. Valentines Day Massacre - 1337 Words

â€Å"Only Capone’s gang kills like that!† a quote by Bugs Moran, leader of North Side Gang† (Gottesman 1). On February 14, 1929, seven men were killed in a warehouse loading zone in Chicago, USA climaxing a huge rivalry between the North Side Gang and Al Capone’s. Capone was one of the most dominant and well-known gangsters during the Prohibition Era, ranging between 1920 and 1933. Prohibition in Chicago was huge, many people wanted to go out for a drink and have a good time after work but the 18th amendment said otherwise. Capone thought he could take this situation into his own hands by bootlegging beer and liquor throughout Chicago, but other gangs such as Moran’s wanted to join in creating a competition which resulted the St. Valentine’s†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"This great demand for and simultaneous legalization of alcohol opened up a new illegal market for the gangster to develop and monopolize. As Al Capone put it, â€Å"A ll I do is to supply a public demand†¦ somebody had to throw some liquor on that thirst, Why not me?†(1). With the prohibition getting everyone down, now that they can’t drink a beer and go out with friends anymore Al Capone thought he could take the reigns of this situation by starting to bootleg beer. He was already a leader of a very large and successful gang so he thought that if he could get his men to secretly bootleg beer in and out of Chicago then he would become one of the richest men in the U.S.. His dream came true as he nearly pocketed 60 million dollars in one year alone and 60 million which is now worth about 700 million dollars today. The prohibition didn’t only affect Chicago, but it made Al Capone a very wealthy man. As Capone was making million after million others wanted to get in on this action, creating new gangs to try and halt Capone and his dominance. One of these gangs was the Moran Gang, led by leader Bugs Moran, this gang ruled the North Side of Chicago while Capone and his men ruled the south side. DETAILS OF CRIME In the meantime tension was building up between these two gangs as, â€Å"A $50,000 bounty on Capone’s head was the final straw for the gangster. HeShow MoreRelatedGet Capone: the Rise and Fall of America’s Most Wanted Gangster1696 Words   |  7 PagesGet Capone: The Rise and Fall of America’s Most Wanted Gangster Al Capone. Everyone is bound to hear the name at least once in his or her life. The charming, broad smile, the greenish gray eyes, heavy set, and five foot ten and a half; a seemingly normal man. Until someone notices the scars. A faded purple, still fresh looking, Al Capone’s scars marred the normal face, they gave a glance into the life of the notorious gangster. But who was Mr. Alphonse â€Å"Scarface† Capone? One reporter comments,Read MoreAl Capone was a Notorious Mafia Leader1212 Words   |  5 PagesAl Capone was a child from an Italian immigrant family, And was one of the most Notorious and infamous Mafia leader in the world during the Prohibition Era in Chicago. Also he was known as Scarface, Al Capone was sent to Alcatraz Prison in Philadelphia in 1931 from a tax evasion conviction. Al Capone had a personal fortune estimated at $100 million and was responsible for countless murders, His most famous one was the St.Valentine’s Day Massacre. Al Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York, on JanuaryRead MoreAl Capone Essay example1178 Words   |  5 PagesAl Capone was a child from an Italian immigrant family, And was one of the most famous Mafia leader in the world during the Prohibition Era in Chicago. Also he was known as Scarface, Al capone was sent to Alcatraz Prison in Philadelphia in 1931 from a tax evasion conviction. Al Capone had a personal fortune estimated at $100 million and was responsible for countless murders, His most famous one was the St.Valentine’s Day Massacre. Al Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York, on January 17,1899Read MoreThe 1920’s was an extraordinary time period filled with flappers, speakeasies, and gangsters. One800 Words   |  4 Pages1920’s was an extraordinary time period filled with flappers, speakeasies, and gangsters. One of the most notorious gangsters during this time was a man named Al Capone. On February 14, 1929, seven bullet riddled corpses were discovered inside a garage inside a lonesome garage on Clark Street owned by gangster George â€Å"Bugs† Moran. Al Capone grew up in Brooklyn, New York; his parents came from Italy, so he had some Italian background in him. He was the fourth child out of nine; he went to school untilRead MoreProhibition and Al Capone858 Words   |  3 Pagestime is Al Capone. â€Å"The New York Times said of Al Capone that he was the symbol of a shameful era, the monstrous symptom of a disease which was eating into the conscience of America. Looking back on it now, this period of Prohibition in full, ugly flower seems fantastically incredible. Capone himself was incredible, the creation of an ugly dream.† (www.umich.edu) He impacted society through his ruthless tactics, secret alliances, and penetrant for violence typified by the St. Valentine’s Day massacreRead MoreOrganized Crime During the Roaring Twenties1145 Words   |  5 Pagesman by the name of Al Capone. Alphonsus Capone was born on January 17, 1899 in Brooklyn, New York. Capone was the fourth of nine children born to honest, hardwo rking parents that immigrated to America from Italy. The neighborhood in which he lived was very harsh. There were many street gangs that were comprised of young children, including the Brooklyn Rippers, the Five Point Juniors, and the Forty Thieves Juniors. This countless number of street gangs opened the door for Capone to begin his lifeRead MoreThe Jazz And The Blues1023 Words   |  5 Pagesblues was a type of music that was inspired by the African Americans of that time. The African Americans that started the blues were in churches or either in hollers working in the fields. They would sing these songs as they worked hard on the long days on the farm. The blues first started from the African Americans located in the Mississippi Delta. There were many different types of dances that are still being used today even though it was made about a hundred years ago. Some of these dances includedRead More Al Capone Essay2672 Words   |  11 Pages Al Capone is one of the most recognized names in American history. Capone ran the City of Chicago with illegal activities. He appeared many times on newspapers all over the country. Every one of us has heard of Al Capone, but most of us don’t k now the story behind him. What made him to be the most feared gangster in the city of Chicago? How did this kid from a rough neighborhood and no money grow up to have $60,000,000? I’ve always been fascinated with organized crime but had never been taughtRead More Al Capone Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pages Al Capone still remains one of the most notable residents of quot;the Rock.quot; In a memoir written by Warden James Johnston, he reminisced about the intensity of public interest around Capones imprisonment, stating that he was continually barraged with questions about quot;Big Al.quot; Each day newspapers and press flooded his office with phone calls, wanting to know everything from how Capone liked the weather on quot;the Rock,quot; to what job assignment he was currently holding. BeforeRead More Al Capone Essay1867 Words   |  8 Pages Al Capone Al Capone is Americas best-known gangster and the single greatest symbol of the collapse of law and order in the United States during the 1920s Prohibition era. Capone had a leading role in the illegal activities that lent Chicago its reputation as a lawless city. Al Capones mug shot, 1931. Capone was born on January 17, 1899, in Brooklyn, New York. Baptized quot;Alphonsus Capone,quot; he grew up in a rough neighborhood and was a member of two quot;kid gangs,quot; the Brooklyn

Just War and Pacifism Free Essays

Just War The just war theory is a largely Christian philosophy that attempts to reconcile three things: * taking human life is seriously wrong * states have a duty to defend their citizens, and defend justice * protecting innocent human life and defending important moral values sometimes requires willingness to use force and violence There are six conditions that must be satisfied for a war to be considered just: * The war must be for a just cause. The war must be lawfully declared by a lawful authority. * The intention behind the war must be good. We will write a custom essay sample on Just War and Pacifism or any similar topic only for you Order Now * All other ways of resolving the problem should have been tried first. * There must be a reasonable chance of success. * The means used must be in proportion to the end that the war seeks to achieve. The way Just War has to be fought: * No innocent people can be harmed. * No fighters or combatants can also be involved or harmed in the process. Purpose * The aim of Just War Theory is to provide a guide to the right way for states to act in potential conflict situations. It only applies to states, and not to individuals (although an individual can use the theory to help them decide whether it is morally right to take part in a particular war). * Just War Theory provides a useful framework for individuals and political groups to use for their discussions of possible wars. The theory is not intended to justify wars but to prevent them, by showing that going to war except in certain limited circumstances is wrong, and thus motivate states to find other ways of resolving conflicts. Information above obtained from: http://www. bbc. co. uk/ethics/war/just/introduction. shtml Pacifists are often thought of as totally opposed to killing, but they don’t have to be. A pacifist can logically support euthanasia and abortion, although they would need to have thought their position through very carefully. Types of pacifism Absolute pacifism: An absolute pacifist believes that it is never right to take part in war, even in self-defence. They think that the value of human life is so high that nothing can justify killing a person deliberately. Conditional pacifism: A conditional pacifist might be against Euthanasia, violence and war but they accept that there will be consequences that occur when there’s a war compared to the consequences that occur when using an alternative method to solve things. Selective pacifism: How to cite Just War and Pacifism, Essay examples Just War and Pacifism Free Essays Religious Studies lust War and Pacifism (l) Examine the view that some wars can be Justified. (21) What is just war? It’s the act of war that must be justified because of the considerable losses which war entails. Pacifism? The pacifist will pursue every other option a prior to resorting to war. We will write a custom essay sample on Just War and Pacifism or any similar topic only for you Order Now War actually has some advantages and can be justified; mainly It establishes peace. It stimulates the economy e. G. Weapon development, employment, reparations, rebuilding. War raises consciousness of call and human rights. It also advances technology and medicine. The Just War theory was developed my Augustine during the 3rd century and Aquinas during 1 13th century. This theory responded to the need for Christians to fight for the defense of the empire, but without compromising Christian principles, following Constantine conversion to Christianity. There are three categories: Jus ad bellum (conditions for going to war), Jus in belle (conditions during war), and Jus post bellum (conditions for ending war). Jus ad bellum has to have a Just cause e. . Aberration from oppression, to restore peace, protect the innocent, and self defense. Last resort which means after all peaceful methods of negotiation, sanctions; isolation; have failed. The legitimate authority has to approve e. G. The elected or recognized government of the land; religious authority If appropriate; military government that Is the legitimate authority A Just Intention should be present, a Just outcome as means e. G. Not to take a nations wealth is the process of lecturing peace. There should be a comparison of justice on tooth sides; in principle both sides should have a just cause and a Just intention. A reasonable likelihood of success, do not commit a nation to an unnamable war that will lead to Increasing suffering. Also, the level of weaponry should be proportionate to the offense e. G. Conflict becoming a country for a dispute over trade. Jus in Belle, the conditions during war. There should be reasonable proportion between injustices fought and suffering cause, but is the suffering worth it? E. G. Vietnam war. Considerably not World War II, conceivably so. The use of weapons would be proportionate; weapon technology changes and develops during the course of war- it should remain proportionate to the weaponry/man power of the enemy. Warfare must be discriminate, targeting non-competent, civilian facilities, medical facilities Is not Just. Jus post bellum, the conditions for bringing an end to conflict. First of all you should provide assurances to combatants about the terms necessary to end a conflict. Provide terms for the end of war and guideline for the construction of peace treaties. Prevent continuous fighting throughout peace negotiations. Also, prevent draconian and vengeful peace terms. It limits the chance of future generations, suffering, and conflict reigniting. War crimes punishment should distinguish between 1 OFF aggressor in two forms; compensation to the victim for losses incurred and war crime trials for the aggressor. Terms for settlement should be measure and reasonable and should be made public. Leaders, soldiers, and civilians must be distinguished. Basically, wars can be Justified if only you follow these principles and have a good, thoughtful and peaceful reason to start a war. T) To what extent can this view be challenged by pacifism? (9) What is pacifism? The belief that war is incompatible with obedience to the gospel of Jesus, and is superseded by the command to love enemies and pray for persecutors, particularly Christian pacifism. Also, it is possible to be pacifist on humanitarian principles without religious focus. Absolute of total pacifism is no engagement in any military activity. It’ s notable associated with the Quakers and Amiss and it’s unofficially the policy of many individual Christians. Jesus referred to SE violence and taught his disciples not to respond violently e. G. â€Å"Put your sword away, for all who draw the sword will die by the sword† (Matthew 26:52). He forgives his executioners: â€Å"Father, forgive them for they do not know what they are doing. † (Luke 23:34) This quote by Jesus was taken out of most Bibles because the writers disagreed with the forgiveness of Jesus’ executioners. Jesus could have been more revolutionary; Steven Brandon has argued the case that Jesus was a zealot. Also, religious support came from Paul e. G. ‘Do not take revenge, but leave room for God’s wrath’ (Romans 12:19); Judgment belongs to God, it is not humans responsibility. Paul also teaches submission to, not rebellion against, the ruling powers. ‘Do you want to be free of fear of the one in authority? Then do what is right and he will commend you’ (Romans 13:5). This was the pragmatic teaching in a time of impending persecution. ‘The spirit of Christ, which leads us into all truth, will never move us to fight and war against any man’ (The Quakers). Even though a war can be Justified, it doesn’t mean it is a good idea to start it. Pacifism challenges the Just War theory. No matter how it can be Justified or what kind of peace you want to establish, war is always bad. Pacifism is a very religious but at the same time peaceful and the right view. ‘Christian peacemakers†¦ Are to live at peace†¦ Love their enemies, overcome evil with good†¦ And become ministers of reconciliation’ Noon Sotto). Only the most wise and enlightened will understand pacifism and disagree with Just war. But even though pacifism seems like a solution to all our suffering, people will never achieve it because humans are too selfish and too obsessed with power and money. How to cite Just War and Pacifism, Essays

Evaluation of Financial Performance

Question: Discuss about the Evaluation of Financial Performance . Answer: Introduction Evaluation of financial performance of a business organization is an important aspect of any business. The evaluation of financial performance refers to the process of analyzing and evaluation the various factors of financial performance of an organization. Evaluation of financial performance is a strategic tool that helps the managers of the organizations to develop strategies for the smooth running of the business. The process of evaluation of the financial performance of the organizations helps to identify the strong and weak areas of the businesses; and this process helps in the development and implementation of effective business strategies. There are various components to evaluate the financial performance of the organizations. First, directors report of the companies in the annual report is an important source of information about the organization. The consolidated financial statements of the organizations include all the necessary information that is needed to evaluate the fi nancial performance of the organizations. The consolidated financial statements of the organizations include balance sheet, statement of income, statement of cash flows, statement of change of equity, information about the shares of the company and others. It is important to evaluate all the aspects of financial statements to get a fair and true financial picture of the organizations. Gulf Cement Company is the largest producer of cement in the United Arab Emirates. In addition, Gulf Cement Company is the leading cement exporter of United Arab Emirates. The production capacity of the company is 2.7 million tons of cement and 3.8 million tons of clinker. More than 500 employees are employed in the organization. The production and distribution of cement for Gulf Cement Company takes place on bags and in bulks. The main aim of the report is to analyze and evaluate the financial performance of Gulf Cement Company. For this purpose, the various financial statements of the company are evaluated to ascertain the true and fair financial position of Gulf Cement Company. Evaluation of Directors Report As per the above discussion, it can be observed that Gulf Cement Company is the largest cement company in United Arab Emirates and is the leading exporter of cement in the same region. Hence, it can be understood that Gulf Cement Company has a large amount of financial transactions. Being the largest cement company in UAE, Gulf Cement Company uses to publish the annual report of the company in a yearly basis. Apart from that, Gulf Cement Company uses to publish quarterly financial report on a regular basis. The annual report of the company includes the directors report of Gulf Cement Company. The directors report of Gulf Cement Company is the overview of the financial position of the company. The users of this financial report can get an idea about the financial position of the company by observing the directors report as this report shows the important financial figures throughout the year. On the other hand, the directors report expresses the financial point of view of the director s towards the company. Hence, it can be said that there is a lot of importance of the directors report to measure the financial performance of the companies. The Managing Director of Gulf Cement Company is considered as the main director of the company. Hence, the directors report of Gulf Cement Company is consists of the report of the Managing Director of Gulf Cement Company. As per the directors report of Gulf Cement Company, there are five sections in this report. The first section shows the gross profit, net profit, earning per share and gross profit ratio of Gulf Cement Company. The second section shows the details about the gross profit of the company. The third section contains the details about the investments of the company. The fourth section shows some information about the financial assets of the company. The last part includes the major financial ratios of Gulf Cement Company. These are the main areas of the business that helps to evaluate and analyze the financial health of any business organization. As per the directors report, the major financial ratios of the company are Gross Profit Ratio, Current Ratio and Quick Ratio. The financial details in the directors report is provided on the basis of two years; they are 2015 and 2016. As per the above discussion, the first part of the directors report is about the gross profit, net profit and information about the shares of the organization. As per the directors report of the company, the amount of review in 30.9.2015 was 487,244,587 that is more that of 423,636,484 on 30.9.2016. It has been seen that revenue is changed by 13 percent over a year. On the other hand, cost of sales has decreased in the year 2016 than 2015 by 16 percent. Cost of sales for the year 2015 was 411,488,424 and for the year 2016 were 347,506,526. It can be said that it is good to have lower cost of sales; but the decrease in revenue over the year is a concern for Gulf Cement Company. The Gross profit for the year 2016 was 76,129,958 that is more than 75,756,163 for the year 2015. The gross profit i9s increased by 0.50 percent. Despite being a little rise in the gross profit, it can be said that it is good sign to increase the margin of gross profit. This process leads to the increase in gro ss profit ratio for the company. The Gross profit ratio is Gulf Cement Company for the tear 2015 was 16 percent that is less than 18 percent of the year 2016. The gross profit ratio of the company is increased by 13 percent that is a good indicator for the organization. The increase in gross profit ratio indicates that Gulf Cement Company has managed its direct expenses in an effective way. Other operating income of the company for the year 2015 was 5,899,967 that are more than 5,685,710 for the year 2016. Other operating income of the company was decreased by 4 percent over the year. Decrease in the operating income is not healthy for the organization. The directors report shows that the selling and administrative expense of the company has decrease by 0.50 percent. The selling and administrative expenses for Gulf Cement Company for 2015 and 2016 were 35,931,131 and 35,759,467 respectively. The investment income for the organization was heavily decreased by 523 percent. The investment income for the year 2015 was 3,094,521. This same income for the year 2016 was (13,089,874). Other income of the company was also decreased by 64 percent in the year 2016 compared to 2015. One of the positive points is that finance cost of Gulf Cement Company for the year 2016 was decreased by 11 percent. As per the Directors report of Gulf Cement Company, it can be seen that the net prof it of the organization for 2016 was 46,922,013 that is more than 30,943,621 for the year 2016. It is a negative point as the decrease in net profit is not good for the financial health of the organization. The net profit of Gulf Cement Company has decreased by 34 percent in the year 2016 compared to the year 2015. The decrease in the net profit of Gulf Cement Company has created an adverse effect on the earning per share and book value per share of the company. Earnings per share for the year 2015 were 0.06 that is more than that of 0.04 in 2016. On the other hand, the book value per share decreased to 1.426 from 1.464. It can be seen that both earning per share and book value per share has been decreased in 2016. As per the major ratios of Gulf Cement Company, the current ratio for the year 2016 was 3.85 that is less than 3.92 for the year 2015. The same has happened for the quick ratio. The quick ratio for the year 2016 was 2.54 that is also less than 2.67 for the year 2015. This situation implies that the liquidity position of the company has decreased over the year[1]. From the above discussion, it can be seen that the Directors report of the company only includes some of the selected financial items of the company. As per the company rules and regulations, this is not an effective report of the directors. One of the most important requirements of the directors report is that it must include the principle activities of the company. However, the directors report of Gulf Cement Company has not included any principle activities of the organization. In addition, there must be a business review in the directors report. The directors report of the company does not include the any kind of business review of the business of Gulf Cement Company. On the other hand, all the necessary financial information of the company is not included in the directors report. This is one of the major requirements of a directors report that it must include all the financial information of the company. For all these reasons, the directors report of the company has become a mat ter of criticize. The directors have made a mistake by not analyzing the financial information that is included in the report. Hence, it can be said that the Directors Report of Gulf Cement Company is not an effective one. Quality of earning and earning sustainability: Gulf cement company is leader in producing cement in the emerging markets. Primary contributor towards their success is their ability to provide unique services to their customers as compared to their competitors. Annual report of the company includes information regarding their income and expenses and the accounting policies, based on which their earning quality and sustainability can be evaluated. Their operating income and expenses outcomes are as follows: They generated income from revenue amounted to $624,560,691 for 2013, $708,420,988 for 2014 that shown an increase of 13.40% as compared to 2013 and $612,426,174 for 2015 that shown a decrease of 13.60% as compared to 2014. Out of total revenue they incurred cost for sales amounted to $577,956,407, $598,313,377 and $514,932,707 for the year 2013, 2014 and 2015 respectively that shown increase of 3.5% as compared to 2013 and 13.9 decrease as compared to 2015. The company generated gross profit amounted to $46,604,284, $110,107,611 and $97,493,467 respectively 2013, 2014 and 2015 that shown a huge increase of 136.3% as compared to 2013 and an decrease of 11.5% as compared to 2014.[2] After spending towards operating cost, the company was able to generate net profit amounted to $68,517,011 for 2013, $60,572,549 for 2014 and $71,439,530 for the year 2015 that shown 11.6% decrease as compared to 2013 and 17.9% increase as compared to 2015. The company was able to generate comprehensive loss amounted to $18,440,532 for 2013, income of $23,671,591 for 2014 and $101,385,394 for 2015[3]. Performance table: Years Sales Net income Comprehensive income 2013 $624,560,691.00 $ 68,517,011.00 $ (18,440,532.00) 2014 $708,420,988.00 $ 60,572,549.00 $ 23,671,591.00 2015 $612,426,174.00 $ 71,439,530.00 $ 101,385,394.00 Table 1: Performance analysis Trend analysis: Figure 1: Trend analysis From the above table, it can be seen that the revenue of the company has increased by 13.40% from 2013 to 2014 and fell again by 13.60% in 2015. However the company was able to increase their gross profit by 136.3% over the year 3013 to 2014. The reason behind this huge increase is the revenue for 2014 was more as compared to 2013 and 2015. However, despite of experiencing huge increase in gross profit for the year 2014, the company could not convert this to net profit and experienced a fall of 11.6% as compared to 2014. The reason behind this was that for the year 2014, the income from investment was very low as compared to other years and finance cost for 2014 was $29,16,126 as compared nil charger for 2013 (Sabnis, G.M 2015). Further, the comprehensive income shown a huge fall by 50.4% in the year 2014 as compared to 2013 and again by 288.7% in the year 2015. Other key factors related to the Gulf cement company that may have impact on their earning are as follows: Apart from supplying in UAE market, the company deliver their products in more than 11 countries Their plant is depended on multi system of fuel like gas, coal and heavy fuel oil which in turn enable them to utilize the resources in effective way The companys raw material source for plant proximity assures regular supply for raw materials with minimization of cost. Finally, the economic slowdown in the international market will have least impact on the company, therefore the profitability of the company in turn will be least affected. Therefore, the earning sustainability of the company as seen from the above assessment is quite viable and the book value per share for the company was stable and moving around $1.40 per share. Evaluation of cash flow statement: Cash flow statement: Particulars 2015 2014 2013 Net cash from operating activities $ 122,562,130.00 $ 156,756,212.00 $ 86,760,353.00 Net cash from investing activities $ 63,177,638.00 $ (50,830,170.00) $ (223,531,434.00) Net cash from financing activities $ (84,071,065.00) $ (55,570,340.00) $ 80,220,151.00 Net increase or decrease in cash $ 101,668,703.00 $ 50,355,702.00 $ (56,550,930.00) Table 2: Cash flow analysis Trend analysis: Figure 2: Trend analysis It is noticed from the above table that the cash generation from the operation has been increased by huge amount over the year 2013 and 2014 that amounted to $86,760,353 to $156,756,212 respectively. This resulted due to decreasing of loss from the investment disposal at FVTPL that amounted to $15,51,859 in 2014 from $14,051,277 in 2013. However, in 2015 it decreased to $122,562,130. The reason behind this decrease was increase in provision for employees service end indemnity and unrealized loss generated from FVTPL investment. Huge amount was used for purchasing fixed asset that amounted to $252,516,895 in 2013. However, the amount decreased to $42,238,139 in 2014 the amount further decreased to $35,215,315 in 2015, which enabled the company to generate positive cash from investment activities amounted to $63,177,638 that were negative for both the year 2013 and 2014. Net cash generation from financing activities were turn into negative amount of $55,570,340 in 2014 from the positiv e amount of $80,220,151 and created further decrease to $84,071,056 in 2015. The main contributor towards this negative cash generation were the board remuneration that the company start paying in 2014 and continued to pay in 2015 also. Payment of dividend also increased from $37,874,348 to $40,524,194 and finally to $55,252,639 over the year from 2013 to 2015 consecutively. Finally the net increase or decrease resulted from all the activities were negative $56,550,930 to positive $50,355,702 and further increase to $101,688,703 which was more than double as compared to 2014. Therefore, it can be seen that the company was able to generate cash positively after meeting the operating, investing and financing expenses. The cash flow position of the company is quite sustainable and the company can be regarded as viable over the long run. The cash and cash equivalents of the company included demand deposits, cash on hand and any other liquid investment over the short term period that cou ld be converted to cash and under the considerable risk of value changes. Financial assets under FVTPL are calculated at fair value at the end of each year with consideration of any losses or gains generated from the on recalculation are measured in profit and loss account. Dividend income from the investment of FVTPL is identified in profit and loss statement only after the right of receiving dividend established as per the IAS 18 on revenue. Financial Credit Quality Credit quality analysis is one of the major processes to evaluate the financial health of an organization. There is a great significance of credit analysis for an organization. The main objective of credit analysis is to calculate the credit worthiness of that particular organization. In other words, credit quality analysis is done to know the financial power of the company to meet the financial obligation of the company. This analysis is done at the time of issuance of bonds. In the process of credit analysis, credit quality is a mandatory process that allows the investors to know about the creditworthiness of the particular organizations. Credit quality is analyzed to measure the credit worthiness of a particular bond or an investment or a long-term loan. Based on the credit quality, the credit rating agencies provide scored to those business organizations. This is the process of assessing the credit quality of a business organization. In the process of credit quality analysis, the ability of debtors to relay the debts to the organization is taken into consideration as the debt repayment ability of the debtors affect the credit worthiness of the business organization. There is not any exception of the credit quality analysis in case of Gulf Cement Company. The credit quality of Gulf Cement Company can be analyzed by evaluating the debtors and noncurrent liabilities of the organization. As per the financial report of Gulf Cement Company, the amount of financial lease liability for the year 2015 was 75,686,619 that is less than that of 104,489,917 for the year 2014. It can be seen that there is a decrease in this long-term liability. The amount of non-current liabilities for the year 2015 was 87,453,816 that is less than that of 115,664,145 for the year 2014. From the above information, it can be observed that a large amount of non-current liabilities has been repaid in the year 2015. This situation implies that the credit worthiness position of Gulf Cement Company is good as the company is able to repay its loan on a regular basis. On the other hand, this situation help to evaluate that the credit worthiness of the debtors of Gulf Cement Company is effective and they are good at meeting the obligation of the company. The above discussion is helpful to judge the credit quality of Gulf Cement Company. it can be seen that the company has a large amount of noncurrent liabilities. However, Gulf Cement Company has been able to repay those non-current liabilities. This process implies that Gulf Cement Company has an effective creditworthiness and the credit worthiness of the debtors is good. Professional comparison and ranking: Performance table: Name of the company Revenue Net profit Basic earnings per share Gulf cement company $ 612,426,174.00 $ 71,439,530.00 $ 0.09 National cement $ 261,541.00 $ 93,530.00 $ 0.26 RAK cement $ 335,174,306.00 $ 15,536,581.00 $ 0.03 Union cement $ 640,472.00 $ 103,671.00 $ 0.14 Table 3: Professional comparison Trend analysis: Figure 3: Trend analysis Earnings per share for the company National cement and Union cement are 0.26 and 0.14 respectively and that for Gulf cement company and RAK cement is quite low as 0.09 and 0.03 respectively. Therefore, the company should take appropriate measures to minimize their expenses which in turn can increase their earning per share[4]. Return on sales calculation Name of the company Return on sales (%) Gulf cement company 11.67 National cement 35.76 RAK cement 4.64 Union cement 16.19 Table 4: Return on sales analysis Return on sales has been calculated as = Net profit/Revenue*100 [5] Earning sustainability: Gross profit: Name of the company Revenue Gross profit Gulf cement company $ 612,426,174.00 $ 97,493,467.00 National cement $ 261,541.00 $ 39,800.00 RAK cement $ 335,174,306.00 $ 51,404,871.00 Union cement $ 640,472.00 $ 160,205.00 Table 5: Gross profit analysis Gross profit ratio calculation Name of the company Gross profit ratio (%) Gulf cement company 15.92 National cement 15.22 RAK cement[6] 15.34 Union cement 25.01 Table 6: Gross profit ratio analysis Gross profit ratio has been calculated as = Gross profit/Revenue*100 [7] It can be seen from the above table that the gross profit ratio of Gulf cement company is more or less same as compared to its competitors like National cement company and RAK cement company that resulted around 15%. However, the gross profit ratio of Union cement is quite high as compared to others and came to 25% approximately. It can be said that the gross profit ratio of Gulf Cement Company is complied with the industry average. As per the auditors report all the above companies financial report presented in fair manner with respect to all material items and complied with the international financial reporting standards. Cash flow analysis: Particulars Gulf cement company National cement RAK cement Union cement Net cash from operating activities $ 122,562,130.00 $ (39,981.00) $ 23,661,059.00 $ 140,832.00 Net cash from investing activities $ 63,177,638.00 $ 108,794.00 $ 47,937,862.00 $ 16,664.00 Net cash from financing activities $ (84,071,065.00) $ (117,327.00) $ (81,028,238.00) $ (83,606.00) Net increase or decrease in cash $ 101,668,703.00 $ 48,514.00 $ (9,529,317.00) $ 73,890.00 Table 7: Cash flow analysis Trend analysis: Figure 4: Trend analysis Cash flow ratio calculation: Name of the company Cash flow ratio (%) Gulf cement company[8] 0.86 National cement[9] -0.33 RAK cement[10] 0.15 Union cement[11] 1.38 Table 8: Cash flow ratio analysis Cash flow ration has been calculated as = Cash from operation/current liability[12] From the above table it can be seen that except for Union cement, all other companies including the Gulf cement company does not meet the industry average requirement of 1 for cash flow ratio. It indicates that the companies are not able to pay off their current debts out of the generated cash from operation within the same period. The company Gulf cement company received a F grade with respect to integrity and governance rating under the category of Online disclosures and transparency (Shareholder Rights 2017). Conclusion The main aim of the report is to measure the financial performance of Gulf Cement Company and to ascertain the financial position of the same. Based on the above analysis, it can be said that Gulf Cement Company has a mixed financial position. There are some areas where the company is doing well. On the other hand, there are some areas where the company yet to do well. For instance, as per the above discussion, it can be seen that the gross profit of the company has increased, but at the same time, the net profit of the company has creased. The operating and other incomes of the company have also decreased. On the other hand, the expenses of the company have increased. All these aspects have together affected the net profit of the company along with the earning per share and price of the shares. It has been seen that the earning per share and book value per share have decreased compared to the previous year. However, it can also been observed that Gulf Cement Company has an effective credit worthiness. The company has been able to repay a large amount of non-current liabilities and the debtors of the company have effective credit worthiness. Thus, based on the overall analysis, it can be said that the financial position of the company is not as effective as it needs to be. There is a strong need for financial strategies to revive the financial situation of the company. Recommendation: On evaluation of the financial statements and overview of Gulf Cement company it can be recommended that The company failed to disclose the information related to shareholders right and the policies regarding corporate governance, for example, code of ethics, annual report, financial statements, code of corporate governance and information related to executive and board management. Therefore, the company is recommended to mention these limitations to give the indications to stakeholders and shareholders. The company falls under the failing range as per the grading system as rating F implies a clear indication of failure. It shows the unacceptable performance, lack of interest/efforts that calls for great concern. It is strongly recommended that the company must convert its shareholders right and corporate governance related information into English language. After completion, the rated company can inform the details with any implemented changes with regard to improve their ratings. Some of the data related to the companys financial statement are reported in Arabic in their website. It is recommended to disclose the information in English to improve the rating. It is noticed that if the company would have recorded the information in English, their rating would have been D++ instead of F. References and Bibliography: 'Cement Industry - GCC' (https://www.i3c.in/whitepaper, 2017) https://www.i3c.in/whitepaper/Cement-Industry-Pitch-Book-GCC-May09.pdf accessed 3 February 2017 'Gross Profit Ratio (GP Ratio) - Definition, Explanation, Interpretation, Formula, Example - Accountingexplanation.Com' (Accountingexplanation.com, 2017) https://www.accountingexplanation.com/gross_profit_ratio.htm accessed 3 February 2017 'GulfCementCompanyPSC'(gulfcement.ae,2017)https://www.gulfcement.ae/uploads/annualreports/Management%20Report%20for%20the%20year%20ended%202015.pdf accessed 3 February 2017 'GULF CEMENT PRIVATE LIMITED - Company, Directors And Contact Details | Zauba Corp' (Zaubacorp.com, 2017) https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/GULF-CEMENT-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U26940DL2011PTC223871 accessed 3 February 2017 'Ishares MSCI UAE Capped ETF (UAE) Earnings Per Share' (NASDAQ.com, 2017) https://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/uae/eps-forecast accessed 3 February 2017 QatarNationalCementCompany1stedn,https://qatarcementcom/2017) https://qatarcement.com/eng/report/annual/QNCC%20ANNUAL%20REPORT%2015%20EN.pdf accessed 3 February 2017 Ras Al Khaimah Annual Report (1st edn, rakccae 2017) https://www.rakcc.ae/en/finance.htm accessed 3 February 2017 'Return On Sales (ROS)' (Readyratios.com, 2017) https://www.readyratios.com/reference/profitability/return_on_sales_ros.html accessed 3 February 2017 'The Power Of Cash Flow Ratios' (Journal of Accountancy, 2017) https://www.journalofaccountancy.com/issues/1998/oct/mills.html accessed 3 February 2017 UNION CEMENT COMPANY (PSC) AND SUBSIDIARY (1st edn, uccrakcom 2017) https://www.uccrak.com/ucc-yearly-2014-en.pdf accessed 3 February 2017 'GULF CEMENT PRIVATE LIMITED - Company, Directors And Contact Details | Zauba Corp' (Zaubacorp.com, 2017) https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/GULF-CEMENT-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U26940DL2011PTC223871 accessed 3 February 2017. GulfCementCompanyP.S.C'(https://www.gulfcement.ae/uploads/annualreports/,2017)https://www.gulfcement.ae/uploads/annualreports/Management%20Report%20for%20the%20year%20ended%202015.pdf accessed 3 February 2017. 'Cement Industry - GCC' (https://www.i3c.in/whitepaper, 2017) https://www.i3c.in/whitepaper/Cement-Industry-Pitch-Book-GCC-May09.pdf accessed 3 February 2017. 'Ishares MSCI UAE Capped ETF (UAE) Earnings Per Share' (NASDAQ.com, 2017) https://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/uae/eps-forecast accessed 3 February 2017. 'Return On Sales (ROS)' (Readyratios.com, 2017) https://www.readyratios.com/reference/profitability/return_on_sales_ros.html accessed 3 February 2017. as Al Khaimah Annual Report (1st edn, rakccae 2017) https://www.rakcc.ae/en/finance.htm accessed 3 February 2017. 'Gross Profit Ratio (GP Ratio) - Definition, Explanation, Interpretation, Formula, Example - Accountingexplanation.Com' (Accountingexplanation.com, 2017) https://www.accountingexplanation.com/gross_profit_ratio.htm accessed 3 February 2017. Gulf Cement' (Gulfcement.ae, 2017) https://www.gulfcement.ae/ accessed 3 February 2017. National Cement Company | Official Site' (Nationalcement.com, 2017) https://www.nationalcement.com/ accessed 3 February 2017. Welcome To Ras Al Khaimah Cement Company' (Rakcc.ae, 2017) https://www.rakcc.ae/ accessed 3 February 2017. Welcome To Union Cement Company' (Uccrak.com, 2017) https://www.uccrak.com/index.aspx.htm accessed 3 February 2017. The Power Of Cash Flow Ratios' (Journal of Accountancy, 2017) https://www.journalofaccountancy.com/issues/1998/oct/mills.html accessed 3 February 2017.

Part 3- The Baroque Era Flashcard

Part 3- The Baroque Era

Parallel Forces Physics Lab Essay Example

Parallel Forces Physics Lab Essay Example Parallel Forces Physics Lab Paper Parallel Forces Physics Lab Paper Parallel Forces Objective: Find FA and FB on the apparatus which are parallel to both Fulcrum A and B. Calculations: Theoretical FB = 0 +FB 0. 5 (0. 1kg x g x 0. 1m) (0. 2kg x g x 0. 4m) (0. 05kg x g x 0. 7m) (0. 1kg x g x 0. 3m) = 0 -[{(0. 1kg x 0. 1m) + (0. 2kg x 0. 4m) + (0. 05kg x 0. 7m) + (0. 1kg x 0. 3m)}x 9. 8] + 0. 5FB = 0 0. 5FB = [(0. 1 x 0. 1) + (0. 2 x 0. 4) + (0. 05 x 0. 7) + (0. 1 x 0. 3)]x 9. 8 FB = FB = 3. 04 N Experimental FB FB = mpanB g mfulcrumB g FB = (0. 385kg x 9. 8) (. 0816kg x 9. 8) = 3. 77 . 800 FB = 2. 97 N Theoretical FA -[(0. 1kg x g) + (0. 2kg x g) + (0. 5kg x g) + (0. 1kg x g)] + FA + FB = 0 -[(0. 1kg x g) + (0. 2kg x g) + (0. 05kg x g) + (0. 1kg x g)] + FA + 3. 04N = 0 -4. 41 + FA + 3. 04 = 0 FA 1. 37 = 0 FA = 1. 37 N Experimental FA FA = (mpanA x g) (mfulcrumA x g) FA = (0. 205kg x 9. 8) (. 0693kg x 9. 8) = 2. 01 . 679 FA = 1. 33 N Conclusion: Since the distance of FB is greater than that of FA, the torque of FB is larger. The line of FA, lies directing on the 0. 2 m axis, causing a torque of zero for FA. The theoretical and experimental values for both forces are very close, supporting the theory of torque and parallel forces.

External communication method for retailers Essay

External communication method for retailers - Essay Example More importantly, the communication mix will be part of the discussion with major focus on the retail business. The growing market of retailers, increased competition, and their hunger of constantly attracting and retaining their customers has made it important to achieve excellence at communicating the value and the rest of this paper would discuss the same. Since most of the retailers engage in mass marketing, the formula for them remains somewhat low per unit profit, high volume of sales, and board customer base, which in turn result in some handsome gross profit (Bhatia, pp. 161-164, 2008). In addition, high volume of sales means that everyday retailers have to deal with many customers coming from diverse backgrounds. However, life would have become easy if customers would have all the information and they would have perceived the product, prices, and the offer the way retailers wanted. Most of the marketing experts agree to the fact that the external retail communication mixes endeavor for building brand equity and other all other retail communication methods or channels consist of six major modes of communication. These elements namely are advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, public relations, direct marketing and events, and experiences (Reynolds, Cuthbertson & Bell, pp. 69-75, 2004). It is also important to note that retail communication goes far beyond these specific platforms and goes on to include things like packaging, style, price, colours, infrastructure of the store, location, sales person’s outlook and others (Samli, pp. 56-58, 1998). However, since most of these things are internal, therefore, they will not be able to create a place for themselves in this discussion. In this regard, advertising is the most feasible option for any retailer who wants to build a long-term image for its brand. In fact, advertising may be the answer for any retailer who wishes to trigger the sale quickly. However, it is an

Impede International Strategy Implementation Essay

Impede International Strategy Implementation - Essay Example The writers undertook a qualitative research in a post-1992 UK University where they carried out 20 interviews from three different departments. The authors have done a critical analysis of issues of strategy implementation in internalization and finally identified critical issues impeding international strategy implementation within a learning institution’s context. The writers have ensured that they contribute to the rich understanding of challenges of higher education internalization and further showed different understanding of critical issues of higher education internalization as well as highlighting specific areas that they feel should be improved. A methodology that was used is a qualitative research where 20 participants from a post-1992 university were selected from key departments. The university that was selected is among the UK universities undertaking higher education internalization but do not have established satellite overseas. The participants were selected based on job responsibilities and their positions where they were divided into the corporate group, the marketing group and the faculty group on 1:1 interview conducted over a period of six months. In addition, a literature review helped in conducting the study and making a conclusion. The selected solutions for the problem that almost all interviewees agreed on included were sufficient allocation of resources, efficient communication and information sharing among various departments, operational processes within home campuses and the satellite branches should be harmonized. Moreover, there was a need of cooperation and coordination.

Help me make a topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Help me make a topic - Essay Example However, the term globalization gained prominence during the mid-1980s, and more so, after the 1990s. Scholars denote that innovation plays an important role in ensuring the development of globalization. They argue that innovations in telecommunications and information technology have led to the reduction of international and national transactions. Because of these reductions, opportunities in manufacturing have increased, especially so in remote areas (Rivoli, 31). This is because it is easy to communicate with various players within the manufacturing industry, at whatever location they are. Effective communication is an important element of the manufacturing process. Another important factor that has led to globalization is the various changes in the governance structure of the various national countries. These countries have opened up their economies, leading to free flow of goods, resulting to commerce. There are four basic elements of globalization, namely transactions and trade, migration of people and their movements, capital movement and investments, and dissemination of knowledge (Caporaso and Mary, 33). Basing on this background, this paper analyzes the globalization of coffee in its early stages of globalization. That is the periods of 1960s and 1970s. Coffee was introduced in African, Asia and some parts of America by the colonialists. During this period, colonial governments grew the product in their colonies for purposes of satisfying their domestic markets. For example, the British introduced coffee in the colonies of East Africa, and some countries of West Africa. They grew this product, and after harvesting, they took the coffee beans to Britain for processing and consumption. When they left, their colonies began to produce the substance for export, and as a means of earning foreign exchange (Peyser and Bill, 42). For instance in Kenya, the government that took over

Using Semi Structured Interviews Health And Social Care Essay

Using Semi Structured Interviews Health And Social Care Essay Before initiating the interviews, approximately eighteen semi-structured questions were formulated, some of which were changed or re-worded during the course of the interview. Interview subjects were selected based on their position. The name of the delegation leader for each African member state was obtained from the UNFCCC secretariat. For certain member states, where the leading delegate was unable to be interviewed due to security reasons or timing, an alternative senior member of the delegation was sought. A total of 23 African leaders were interviewed. Appendix E lists the African Group leaders who were interviewed as part of the study. The African leaders who were interviewed consisted of Presidents, Ministers, Ambassadors, Director Generals, Directors and other senior personnel of the countries delegation such as the UNFCCC Focal Point Representative. The choice of a semi-structured rather than a structured interview was employed as it offered sufficient flexibility to approach the individual respondents in different ways, while collecting the same data. All interviews were held in the various meeting rooms of Bella Centre and half of the interviews took place during the high level segment of COP15, i.e. between the 16th 18th December 2009. The interviews were pre-scheduled; however, due to the overrunning of a number of the COP15 Plenary sessions, a certain degree of flexibility was required by the researcher. In some of the interviews, an interpreter had to be used. In all cases, this interpreter would be a member of the same African delegation as the interviewee. The duration of each interview varied from 45 minutes to 1 hours and 15 minutes. Before each interview commenced, the researcher gave an introduction highlighting the purpose and background to the research, the interview questions, the length of the interview in terms of time and the confidentiality of the results. Most senior interviewees were accompanied by security officers, directors or special assistants. A number of interviewees had invited one or two members of their delegation to give comments or information in addition to their own response and these were also recorded. The interviews were recorded using a combination or methods. Some were recorded using a tape recorder, whilst others were transcribed or a combination of both methods was used during the interview. The intention was to use a tape recorder for all interviews conducted, as this would ensure the most accurate account of the conversations held. However, due to certain reasons, some security aides and ministerial assistants did not allow the use of a tape recorder. In these instances, the interview was transcribed and a synopsis of the interview was read back to ensure the accuracy of the data captured. However, this slowed down the progress of the interview. 4.7.5 Participant Observer According to Jorgensen (1989), participant observation is most appropriate when certain minimal conditions are present: The research problem is concerned with human meanings and interpretations gained from the insiders perspective. The phenomenon is sufficiently limited in size and location to be studied as a case Study questions are appropriate for a case. The research question can be addressed by qualitative data gathered by direct observation and other means pertinent to the field setting. Jorgensen (1989) further states that participant observation is especially appropriate for exploratory studies [as it is a] a special form of observation and a unique way of collecting data [] Direct involvement in the here and now of peoples daily lives provides both a point of reference for the logic and process of participation observational inquiry and a strategy for gaining access to phenomena that commonly are obscured from the standpoint of a non-participant. Furthermore, according to Iacono et al (2009), participant observation can arise from an on-going work situation where the researcher is an industry practitioner. Given this researchers professional status as a practitioner in the field of management consultancy and her current assignment as the Special Technical Assistant to the Minister of Environment, participant observation was used as a method to further understand the group decision-making process of African leaders within the context of the African Group. Observed were the daily activities in relation to how decisions were made, the interaction between delegates and the group dynamics. The formal African Group meetings scheduled from 8am 9am daily were attended, as well as the African Group meetings relating to the Kyoto Protocol between 7pm 8pm, each day. These African Group meetings were at the technical level. A total of 18 African Group meetings at the technical level were attended during COP15. The researcher also attended all four meetings of the African Ministers Committee on Environment (AMCEN) and the two meetings of the Conference of African Heads of State on Climate Change (CAHOSCC). The plenary sessions of the COP15 / MOP5 were closed to party delegates. However, as the researcher was registered as a participant to the Conference, further need to negotiate access to the plenary sessions was not required. During the meetings of the African Group, AMCEN, CAHOSCC and the plenary sessions, detailed observations and field notes were made, including observations on the culture of the UNFCCC decision-making environment. As a researcher, being in the midst of the decision-making process allowed my own understanding and notions to be continually challenged by the action and words of the African leaders within COP15. Conversations were had and questions were asked during the African Group meetings only. 4.7.6 Focus Groups According to Morgan (1997), Focus Groups are a way of collecting data through group interaction on a topic determined by the researcher. Morgan (1997) also states that focus groups are especially useful when seeking to gather a large amount of interaction on a topic in a limited period of time. According to Greenbaum (2000), the goal of a focus group is to delve into attitudes and feelings about a particular topic, to understand the why behind certain behaviours. Other researchers, such as Gibbs (2007) states focus group research involves organised discussions with a selected group of individuals to gain information about their views and experiences of a topic that is particularly suited for obtaining several perspectives about the same topic. Gibbs further states the benefits of focus group research includes gaining insights into peoples shared understandings of everyday life and the ways in which individuals are influenced by others in the same situation. According to Fern (2001) focus groups can be distinguished in terms of the research purpose they serve, the types of information and knowledge they produce, their scientific status and methodological factors. Fern (2001) also states that there are three types of focus groups i.e. exploratory, experimental and clinical. This research uses the exploratory type, as this type is used to explore a new issue, generate a hypothesis and for theory applications including generating theoretical constructs, causal relationships, models and theories. The researchers choice of using an Exploratory Focus Group can be summarised as follows: The nature of the topic under investigation; The exploratory nature of the research; The fact the researcher had ready access to members of the African Group; The data collected would strengthen the findings of the research in conjunction with other research methods adopted for the research. The focus group process consists of seven components. These include: group cohesion, the discussion process, the outcome, group composition, research setting, the moderator and the group process factors (Fern, 2001). Some of these can be controlled by the researcher, while others cannot. The central component is the discussion process and the exchange of information. The discussion process, in turn, affects the nature of the focus group outcome. Fern (2001) also states that group cohesion is important to the success of a focus group as it provides the reason for participants to contribute to the discussion. Group composition and the focus group setting affect cohesion, both directly and in combination. Morgan (1997) states focus groups generally comprised of 6 10 individuals, whereas according to Fern (2001), smaller mini-group focus groups are also common with 4 6 participants. Morgan (1997) also states that the amount that each participant has to contribute to the discussion is a major consideration in determining group size. Small groups work best when the participants are likely to be both interested in the topic and respectful of each other when the researcher desires to gain a clear sense of each participants reaction to the topic. The researcher conducted 6 focus groups comprising of 4 9 members. Compatibility is a major concern when determining the composition of focus groups. According to Morgan (1988), when participants perceive each other as fundamentally similar they can spend less time explaining themselves to each other and more time discussing the issues at hand. Morgan (1988) also states that the classic way to achieve compatibility is by bringing together homogeneous participants. A shared background or demographic characteristics, i.e. gender, race or ethnicity, age, location or residence, educational level, occupation, income, marital status or family composition are a common basis for selection. Too much homogeneity, however, can restrict the range of issues and positions discussed; therefore a degree of heterogeneity was sought in the selection of the African Group members. In this research, the participants were selected on the basis of gender, occupation and location (in terms of the African county they represented). Gender was chosen to ensure female representations amongst members. In terms of occupation, all the respondents were leaders within the environmental sector and had a relatively good understanding of the purpose of COP15. Locality was an important factor, as the researchers aim was to have a member from each of the African states represented in the various focus groups. This was not achieved, due to the difficulty of getting participants together at the same time due to the volume of meetings and side events being held during COP15. The size of each focus group varied from 6 9 participants as stated above. The setting refers to the space in which the focus group takes place. Considerations for setting include the ambient (i.e. tangible or physical) characteristics of a room, the tables, chairs and recording equipment (Fern, 2001). The setting of the focus group meetings was fixed for the duration of the conference. The set-up of the meeting room for the focus groups is illustrated in Figure 5 below. This is based on a group comprising of six participants. The date of each focus group meeting was fixed; however there was need to be flexible on the timing due to meetings and plenary sessions over running. Most of the focus group meetings were held during the first week of the conference, to avoid impacting on the meetings scheduled to interview Ministers and Heads of Governments during the second week of the conference. The majority of the respondents used for the focus group interviews, were technical members of their delegation, but all were in a position of leadership. Suggestions about the optimal number of focus group sessions range from 2 to 8 (Fern, 2001). Though most focus group research shows that fewer than five sessions are adequate, if the purpose of the research, as is the case with this study, is to collect a total population of thoughts rather than common or unique ones (Fern, 2001). Appendix F gives a breakdown of the focus groups held, the participants and the country of origin of the participants. The aim of the researcher was to achieve a good representation of leaders across the continent. Morgan (1997) identifies some more considerations in determining the number of focus groups. Probably the most important of these is the variability of the participants both within and across the groups. Within groups, when there are more heterogeneous participants, this will typically require a larger number of groups to sort out the different sets of opinions and experiences. Degree of structure of the interview also has an impact on the number of groups required. Less structured interviews, with lower levels of moderator involvement, require more groups. Another significant consideration concerns the availability of participants. If there are fewer potential participants available or if they are highly dispersed, several smaller groups of a smaller size are required to address the criterion of saturation. All these factors were considered in determining the exact number of focus groups used in this research. Discussion process (Foulkes, 1964, as cited in Fern, 2001) provides a series of factors which guide the focus group discussion process. These factors represent sequential stages in the group discussion. The first factor, social integration, is the opportunity for equal participation of all group members in the discussion. The second, the mirror reaction, is the individual participants realization that others share similar ideas, anxieties, or impulses and this then relieves the anxieties they feel in relation to participation in the focus group. Condenser phenomenon, as the third factor, is an activation of the collective conscious and unconscious that makes it easier to talk about the issues raised in the discussion. Finally, exchange, is the process of sharing information and explanations that makes up the bulk of the discussion. In the 90 minutes scheduled for each focus group, the first 10 minutes were devoted to the first two factors, social integration and mirror reaction. This included time for participants to check in and become acclimatised to the room and engage in light conversation with the researcher and other participants. Introductions were made and participants got to know a little about each other. Participants were then asked to take a seat around the table. The researcher set the stage in terms of the role of the researcher, the purpose, and the ground rules (i.e. use of audio recorder) and the role of the researcher as the moderator for the session (Greenbaum, 2000). Interview questions were tailored for about 80 minutes of discussion. Each focus group was conducted in a moderately structured manner. As such, the researcher was guided by a set of questions, but neither the exact wording nor the order of questions was predetermined. Likewise, the questions themselves were adjusted from focus group to focus group as information gleaned and data analysed from previous groups was used to guide each subsequent group. As previously explained in earlier chapters, fully structured style was not used as this research is exploratory and the intent was to determine the participants perspective. On the other hand, a fully unstructured approach was not considered suitable as the researcher possessed insights into the relevant discussion topics from an extensive review of the literature and her personal experience as a consultant/practitioner. Generally, the focus group began with each participant providing a brief personal introduction. Questions were then asked about Africas preparedness for the COP15. This was followed by questions relating to how the African Group worked. These questions were used to ascertain, whether there was an understanding and awareness amongst members on the decision-making process of the African Group, and whether the Group leaders fully understood the process. Furthermore, it was important to ascertain whether members of the group were aware of the background and commencement of Africas common position. Other questions that were discussed included those relating to the participants views on the impacts of Climate Change on Africa and the main concerns of the African Group. In addition there were questions relating to their views on whether they felt the decisions made by African leaders were rational and what the likely outcome from COP15 in terms of the expectations of the African Group would be. A final important component to the discussion process is the moderator. In a focus group, the moderator is a facilitation or discussion leader, not a participant to the discussion (Fern, 2001). Two important considerations must be taken into account when deciding on a moderator. These are prior experience and relationship to the participants (Morgan, 1998). As the researcher had both, she made the decision to use an independent moderator for the focus groups. Focus Group Outcomes The focus group outcome refers to the success of achieving the researchers goal. Fern, (2001), defined outcome as: Task performance effectiveness (i.e. quality, quantity, and the cost of information); The users reaction (i.e. satisfaction with the process and output), and; Group member relations (i.e. cohesive, compatible, and lively groups) (Fern 2001).

Comparing Evil, Abuse and Escape in Oliver Twist and Great Expectations :: comparison compare contrast essays

  In Oliver Twist and Great Expectations by Charles Dickens, both main characters refuse to except the poor hand the world has dealt them.   Pip and Oliver reach a great epiphany in regards to social injustice, and in turn rebel against the system that oppresses them.   They are tired of being mistreated and neglected, and therefore decide to make a stand.   Charles Dickens exhibits through Oliver and Pip that the revolt of the weak against the strong results from the oppression of the poor.   As a result of their revolt against the system, Pip and Oliver are ostracized for their non-conformist ideals.   Thus change in an oppressing and conformist society can only be achieved through change in moral, social, and political instincts.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In both novels the main character faces abuse and neglect which result in rebellion and distancing of them from the society which chooses to hold them down.  Ã‚   In Oliver Twist, Oliver receives a great amount of abuse through the orphanage.   While suffering from starvation and malnutrition for a long period of time, Oliver is chosen by the other boys at the orphanage to request more gruel at dinner.   After making this simple request, â€Å"the master aimed a blow at Oliver’s head with a ladle; pinioned him in his arms; and shrieked aloud for the beadle† (Oliver Twist 16).   This pain and neglect caused a change in Oliver.   He realized that he must rebel against the society that wishes to oppress him, in order to truly start living.   In Great Expectations, Pip receives a great deal of abuse at the hands of his sister, Mrs. Joe Gargery.   On one occasion â€Å"I soon found myself getting heavily bumped from be hind in the nape of the neck and the small of the back, and having my face ignominiously shoved against the wall, because I did not answer those questions at sufficient length† (Great Expectations 12).   This anguish inflicted by the hands of his sister resulted in Pip distancing himself from any ties with his family.   Thus his independence grew as a direct result of the abuse he had faced.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In both novels the main characters have to escape from harsh living conditions and evil surroundings which in turn forces them to grow as individuals, and become independent from a conformist society.   Oliver finds himself residing in an orphanage that is dark and sordid.   As well he finds himself in London’s lowest slums, such as the pickpockets hideout, the surrounding streets, and the bars, which are all described as dark, gloomy, and bland.

Prejudice And Discrimination In Snow Falling On Cedars Essay

How does Guterson present the prejudice and discrimination against the Japanese Americans in chapter 1-15 of Snow Falling on Cedars. This book shows a great difference between cultures on the island of San Piedro. To start with the island is a very cosmopolitan island with its residents all from different backgrounds and countries, Japan, England, Germany, Spain and Denmark to name a few. We can tell this from the long lists of shops and their owners on page three. Chapter one tells us more about San Piedro. It tells us of the great beauty of the island. The â€Å"solitary fields and vales of alfalfa†, â€Å"careless roads† and the animals. It also tells us more about the residents. It says that they are close knit, a lot are deeply religious, they are respectful and are of limited means. The island in very quiet and so the trial is a very big event for them, â€Å"San Piedro generally lay clear of violence†. They also seem serious minded and conservative and traditional in their way of thinking. With the story being set after the Second World War and the bombing of Pearl Harbour the people of Japanese origin are experiencing the most discrimination on the island. In chapter four there is a scene with the fishermen at Amity Harbour. When they are talking about the accused man – Kabuo Miyamoto – also a fisherman, Dale Middleton referred to him as Miyamoto, not his first name. He then goes on to call all Japanese â€Å"suckers† and says â€Å"Never could tell them guys apart†. The term â€Å"Jap† is used throughout the book to refer to the Japanese. This is very insulting and sounds quite racist and rude. The first time this is used is by fellow fisherman William Gjovaag. This is the first real indicator in the book of the Japanese status on the island. Ishmael Chambers is the islands reporter and he is of Irish and Scottish descent. His function in the book is to be the person who experiences an inter-cultural relationship with a Japanese American girl. He isn’t a racist and his job as journalist is to give a fair view in the paper. He can’t be seen as discriminating in the paper. We learn more about this relationship as we read into the book. When Horace Whaley – the coroner and the local G.P. – sees Carl’s injury on his head he speculates straight away. He says of Sheriff Art Moran â€Å"he ought to start looking for a Jap with a bloody gun butt – a right-handed Jap to be precise†. He suggested all this from one wound in Carl’s skull, and instantly thinks it was a â€Å"Jap†. We learn from chapter five that Whaley is a war veteran and he feel bitter about the Japanese and this causes him to discriminate without any proof that it was a â€Å"Jap† to blame for the wound. Whaley wouldn’t say any of this in court, under oath, because he had no strong evidence, but he would speculate if he didn’t have to back it up. In chapter seven we learn that the Japanese people who are attending the trial sat at the back of the of the court room it says that they didn’t have to sit at there but did so because â€Å"San Piedro required it of them without calling it a law†. The chapter then continues to talk about the racism inflicted on the Japanese in the work place. They weren’t referred to by their Christian names, but by numbers or names that the census taker decided for them, such as; â€Å"Jap Number 1† or â€Å"Dwarf Jap†. This was very racist and disrespectful for them, aswell as embarassing and hurtful. We pity this verbal abuse. They were given the worst, most dangerous jobs. As if they were so insignificant it didn’t matter if they got injured. If this wasn’t bad enough the Japanese weren’t even paid the same as the other workers. They were made to sleep in barns and were treated like animals. They were on the same level as the Red Indians and treated with same amount of disrespect. Then in 1942 the government deported all of the Japanese workers out of San Piedro because of the start of the Second World War, they were seen as a threat or the â€Å"enemy†. Even though they were natives, it was thought that they could be spies for he Japanese government, and were therefore deported. Although many of the islanders were racist towards the Japanese some of the Japanese had their own views about the white people. To contrast Mrs. Shigemura taught Hatsue that white men were â€Å"dangerous egomaniacs† and that they had â€Å"fantasises† about Japanese girls and that it â€Å"distorted their sex drives†. Hatsue should â€Å"marry a boy of her own kind whose heart is strong  and good†.This shows us that all Japanese people don’t take the abuse. They practice their views like the white racists. The book carries a lot of detail about the Second World War and has many descriptions and feelings during and after the war. Also in this chapter we learn about Kabuo, his Buddhism and beliefs. These beliefs say that everything has a soul and shouldn’t be harmed and so he feels he carries the burden of war. The Americans didn’t think about, or take into consideration the fact that the Japanese Americans would be going out to fight their own kind, people from their homeland. Kabuo feels enormous guilt about this and carried it through out his whole life. Carl’s mother, Etta is asked to give evidence for the prosecution in chapter nine. She is a farmer’s daughter who was brought up in South Germany and she is very hardworking and proud. From the evidence she presented in court we feel she isn’t emotional in any way and that her traditional views make her seem set in her ways. It also becomes apparent that she is extremely racist and feels that the Japanese are below her. She talks about her husband – who doesn’t share her racist views – and Kabou’s father and about how they had an agreement, when her husband died she totally ignored the agreement, which is what she wanted to do in the first place. Carl was like his father in that he wasn’t racist either, he was friends with Kabuo and worried about them and their safety when they are told top leave the country. He relates to them and sees them as individuals rather than one awful race, like Etta. Carl’s and his mother’s views sometimes clashed. For example when he brought the fishing rod home that Kabuo gave him, she told him to take it back. Etta never gave Zanichi- Kabuo’s father – and his family a chance and she always talked down to him, even though he was constantly polite. This highlights the contrast between the two characters well and shows Etta to be old, bitter and twisted and very close-minded. When Etta tells the court about her and Kabuo’s conversation in chapter ten it emphasise Etta’s cold hearted, selfish, pathetic ways. She says that Kabuo has a â€Å"mean face†. She doesn’t realise that this is what the Japanese look like, and that it is impossible to read their faces. Yet she doesn’t  want to learn or listen either way. Etta’s character conveys racism very clearly and depicts how low, hurtful and quite petty some of the islanders actually are. We see how these attitudes effect the Japanese and how they cause problems and conflict, yet these people feel that it is their right to act this way toward them. A description of Pearl Harbour is given in chapter thirteen. It also tells us of what happens to the Japanese after and how they are discriminated against. Their bank accounts were stopped because there is a slight chance that they may be traitors. Also in chapter thirteen we learn more about Arthur Chambers, like his son he isn’t a racist at all and is a friend to the Japanese. He feels confusion when he hears the story of the bombing and doesn’t know what to print in his paper, because he doesn’t want to support or defend the actions of either the Americans or the Japanese. Instead he prints stories of Japanese contribution to the community. He is a balanced, stable character and isn’t racist in any way and therefore contradicts other characters in the book such as Etta and Horace. We learnt that Ishmael wasn’t racist right at the start of the book and here we start to find out why. Ishmael had his first relationship with Hatsue Imada who is Japanese. To Hatsue when she was growing up her relationship with Ishmael felt young, innocent and fun. They both enjoyed each other’s company and most of all liked each other. They found sanctuary in a hollowed out Cedar Tree in the woods earlier on in the book. There they were hidden away from the world and weren’t effected by anything going on in the outside. There they could be themselves and it wouldn’t matter that their love for each other was forbidden. Now in chapter thirteen the fortress of the cedar tree start to fall apart. The war starts it and now the fact that their countries are against each other upsets Hatsue and she realises that they have to stop meeting, especially as the relationship is starting to get sexual. Ishmael doesn’t see it that way he is naive and doesn’t see the problem as clearly as Hatsue as she starts to feel she is deceiving her parents. The F.B.I search on the Imada’s property takes place in chapter fourteen.  They come at night for the search. This instantly suggests they don’t have the decency to come during the day they arrive at night to cause upset and grief. The family is referred to as the â€Å"enemy† and â€Å"aliens† which misplaces them from the San Piedro community instantly. The men take away guns, dynamite and swords; they say that they are violent weapons and don’t listen when they tell them that they are only used to assist them with farming the land. The big men also take cultural objects, like a flute, some music and hatsue’s scrapbook. This is unjust and they are abusing their authority and their warrant. ThEy root through their draws and rummage in their underwear, this is embarrassing and very disrespectful. One of the officers deliberately says Hisao’s name incorrectly, this is very rude and must be frustrating because he said it wrong even when corrected. When the men unjustly arrest him they try to justify it as a sacrifice, even though none of this mess was their fault. Everything is taken away from the Japanese and they are then sent away to camps. The baseball team lost its best players and this saddened many people so they dedicated the match to them. This makes us realise that most people in San Piedro don’t want them to leave. Hatsue and her mother – Fujiko have a conversation about the discrimination she has been suffering or that she will suffer later in life, Fujiko is a bias character because she has suspicions about all white people and she has a very pessimistic outlook. She tells her how she and Hatsue’s father were embarrassingly poor yet they got through it with dignity. She explained about how she feels invisible to the whites of the island and that she was and is constantly ignored, but they should all except this because that was how it was and nothing was going to change. She tells Hatsue that the Japanese are worthless to the whites and their value is like â€Å"dust in a strong wind†. The journey to Manzanar is discussed in chapter fifteen. There is no comfort and they are treated like animals and we feel for these people because they don’t know the outcome of their fate, but they had to conform to the rules of the American Government. Fujiko tries to show she is strong by suffering  inwardly. The fact Manzanar is a desert we know there will be no escape and the hostile, barren, hot landscape will be a total contrast to San Piedro. Also in this chapter Fujiko finds out about Hatsue and Ishmael’s relationship. This is quite hypocritical because she talks to Hatsue about how white always discriminate against them but here a white person is being kind and loving to her daughter and she gets so upset. This is quite a contrast and shows that the Japanese can be just as bad at discriminating. In these fifteen chapters we see the suffering of the Japanese at the hands of the white islanders. The Japanese could not help many of the reasons at all and a minority of Japanese Americas punished for a war between the country they currently live in and the country they originated from. We pity the Japanese throughout and understand why some of them are suspicious. Some of the islanders are constantly hateful, spiteful and rude, with no respect for their fellow human beings. Whereas others are polite and kind and treat them as they would anyone else. Guterson conveys this pity in many of the nasty comments made by the whit islanders. Like the term â€Å"Jap† and many of the awful things they were subject to at work. Even though a couple of the Japanese characters don’t like whites. Much of the pity in the book is directed at the Japanese Americans.

My First Day in Mrsm Taiping Essay

My entire life change in a blink of an eye after I was accepted into MRSM. I was very happy and nervous. I never thought that I was accepted into MRSM Tiping because I’m apllying for MRSM Balik Pulau. I know nothing about this school. I knew that MRSM Taiping is a smart school after I step my legs here. I thought all MRSM are the same, the best. After the registration process settled, I went to check out my room. It was preety cool~ at that moment I started to feel full of grief as my parents would left me alone ? My dad and mom unpacked all my things. see more:paragraph on my first day at school Then, I secretly went to toilet and crying alone in the toilet without my parents knowledge~ Hahaha. That was so shameful when I thought about it again. I never told my parents about this. I cried a lot when I gave my parents goodbye. It took about half an hour for me to let my parents go. It was the hardest time for me as I’m very close to my family. I was being pampered by my dad and mom but that doesn’t mean I cannot managed myself. My dad said I have to leave my family because I want to success in my life. I would remember that words if I felt like I want to go back. After my parents leave, I went back to dorm and try to make friends. Then I have a conversation with Zai and we started being friend. I went to Dewan Selera for dinner. All the foods were nice. Eventhough it were not as good as my mom’s cooking, it’s still better than my former school food. It was seriously bad! Haha I think I was so cruel to say that words~ At first, I had a terrible homesick but all my friend can peace me up especially Zai and Afza. Thanks to them I still being here ? I think that’s all I can share with you guys. I hope I can perfome better here and prove to my friends that MRSM Taiping is the best.

28 Argumentative Essay Topics on AIDS Prevention Organization

28 Argumentative Essay Topics on AIDS Prevention Organization If you are tasked with writing an argumentative essay on AIDS prevention organizations, your goal by the end of your argumentative work is to convince the other side that the evidence you presented adequately supports your thesis, or that the evidence presented by the opposing side is false or insufficient. Some writers prefer explaining the flaws in the opposition while others prefer presenting evidence enough to not just disprove the opposition, but to prove their side in things. When writing on such a topic, you have to first select certain facts that support whatever claim you make. Below you will find a list of facts that might help you support your claims: Since the year 2000, over thirty eight million people have been infected with HIV. Since the year 2000, twenty five million people have passed away due to AIDS-related illnesses. Around the world AIDS remains one of the top three leading causes of death. Around the world AIDS remains the leading cause of death for women who are of reproductive age in lower income countries and middle income countries. Out of the total number of people who are living with AIDS today, roughly nineteen million of them do not realize they are HIV positive or have AIDS which roughly equates to one out of every two people who have HIV not knowing they have it and therefore not seeking out treatment. Right now roughly fifteen million people are getting treatment for HIV around the world. Right now 8.1 million of the people getting treatment for HIV are doing so through a program supported by the group Global Fund. AIDS no longer results in death as the only final option today, and in fact, with proper medication those with HIV can live the same length of time as someone without. Today HIV treatment consists of what are called antiretrovirals, or AVR’s which stop the virus from replicating inside of an infected individual and also helps to prevent the breakdown of the body’s immune system. Antiretrovirals, or AVR’s help to prevent the transmission of HIV in someone who is infected. An infected individual taking antiretrovirals, or AVR’s can reduce the likelihood of transmitting HIV by ninety seven percent. HIV can spread through the transfusion of blood which is infected. HIV can spread through sharing of infected needles which have been exposed to infected blood. HIV can spread through the exchange of all bodily fluids such as sex. HIV can spread from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy and/or birth. Prevention strategies for HIV have reduced the rate of infection around the world by thirty five percent since the year 2000 alone. The most impactful and effective prevention tool is the prevention of HIV spreading from mother to child during pregnancy and child birth which is done with antenatal care, HIV testing, ARV’s as necessary, and support after birth. Harm reduction services for those who inject drugs is a useful prevention tool for HIV. Distributing condoms to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases including AIDS is a viable tool for prevention. AIDS prevention strategies must be rooted in a human-rights approach in order to meet with the needs in key demographics. Data over the last decade rating to HIV has become focused on key demographics beyond men who have sex with other men and on sex workers, migrants, prisoners, youths, and those who inject drugs. The populations who are at the highest risk for the transference of HIV/AIDS are the people who have the highest discrimination and lack of available health services within a reasonable distance. Some organizations such as the Global Fund offer treatment and medication free of charge. Discussions about sex and the disease itself are the first steps to prevention, treatment, and care. The encouragement of behavioral changes such as reducing the number of sexual partners can be useful in prevention. Increasing the use of condoms will reduce the spread of AIDS. Delaying the age at which sexual activity begins can be used to reduce the spread of AIDS. Rates of infection in girls between the age of 15 and 24 are double compared to the rates of infection for men of the same age. It is important to note that there is often fear and prejudice in any frank discussion or argument revolving around AIDS. There remains a strong stigma surrounding not only the disease itself but those people who are living with it. It is a result of this stigma that many people lack any basic knowledge about it and why the rate of infected who are unaware of their infection remains so high. Even if people have access to the information about the disease, they are often reticent to get a test officially because of fear, stigmas, and discrimination. Other forms of discrimination can also result in people not receiving access to the health services they need which results not only in a lack of treatment but in the continual spread of the disease. Refusing to acknowledge or write about the facts, no matter how unpleasant, will only perpetuate the prejudice and death. Overall, remember that these are merely facts which you can use as evidence to substantiate your argument. If you have troubles making up topics for your AIDS prevention essay, use ours that are prepared for you. You want to avoid using facts that you have twisted to support your claims and should instead rely only upon accurate information relevant to your topic. In some cases you might find a plethora of items you want to include, but if space or word limits are an issue, be sure to only rely upon those items which are the most relevant. The references included at the end are not only the sources from which these facts originate, but serve as viable resources for additional material, data, and perspectives for potential argumentative essays on AIDS prevention organization. Moreover, you can use our guide on writing an excellent argumentative essay and youll not be disappointed. References: AIDS 2012. AIDS 2012 Home.  AIDS 2012 Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2015. AIDS Crusades.  Uberpreneurs  (2013): n. pag. Web. Cherkerzian, Diane. Ray Carney Hacks Up Hollywood.  The Revolution Is Within. N.p., 06 Oct. 2009. Web. 08 Nov. 2015. Mayaud, P. et al. 1997. â€Å"STD rapid assessment in Rwandan refugee camps in Tanzania,† Genitourinary Medicine 73(1) International AIDS Society. Towards an HIV Cure.  Towards an HIV Cure. International AIDS Society, n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2015. Office of National AIDS Policy. Office of National AIDS Policy.  The White House. The White House, n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2015. Stratton, Stephen E., and Sarah Watstein.  The Encyclopedia of HIV and AIDS. New York: Facts On File, 2012. Print.